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1. FOSSIL CONCRETIONS; FOSSIL, METAL; FOSSIL, IRON
FOSSIL CONCRETIONS
Mazon Creek fossil beds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=fossil+beds&go=Go&ns0=1
_The Mazon Creek fossil beds ... fossils are preserved in ironstone concretions
_These concretions frequently preserve both hard and soft tissues of animal and plant materials, as well as many soft-bodied organisms that do not normally fossilize.
_The Mazon Creek fossils are found in the Upper Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale ... 25 to 30 meters of shale
_The fossiliferous concretions are usually found within the thickest deposits of Francis Creek. The concretions occur in localized deposits within the silty to sandy mudstones, in the lower four metres of the formation.
_The remains of plants and animals were rapidly buried by the sediment deposited in the deltaic system. Bacterial decomposition of the remains produced carbon dioxide that combined with dissolved iron from the groundwater. This process formed siderite in the sediments surrounding the remains, forming detailed casts of their structure. Lithification of the sediments formed protective nodules of ironstone around the now fossilized remains. This mode of preservation is known as authigenic mineralisation.
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Trying to figure out how fossils got coated or associated with metals
>30. Thoth Vol. VI, No. 5 Aug 30, 2002 [Thoth Website] www.saturniancosmology.org/files/thoth/thovi-05.txt
... ., Briggs, D.E.G., Riou, B., "Mineralization of soft-bodied invertebrates in a Jurassic ____metalliferous deposit," Geology, September, 1996, v. 24, no. 9, pp. 847-850).
_When the bacteria form apatite, the ____>>fossil is preserved at the subcellular, microscopic level. (Apatite is the chief mineral, a form of calcium phosphate, from which our bones are composed) "( W)here soft tissues are preserved in pyrite [iron sulfide] and other minerals, only their
... to the role of microorganisms in geological processes. (Gold, The Deep Hot Biosphere (1999) p. 131). He says: "Indeed the problem is so great that answers are promoted piecemeal - some chemical reactions are proposed for the solution and deposition of one ____metal, and a different set is proposed for another. Piecemeal answers are especially questionable when there is a group of ____metals involved, and a different path is proposed for each of them., yet they are often packed closely together." (p. 132 ...
>33. SOLARIA BINARIA: PART TWO: DESTRUCTION OF THE SOLAR BINARY: CHAPTER ELEVEN: ASTROBLEMES OF THE EARTH [Quantavolution Website]
... lunar volcano. Equally, they could be products of the electric arc, or ejecta from the breakup of Super Uranus; more likely they were generated in cosmic thunderbolt strikes to Earth which occurred at intervals while Solaria Binaria disintegrated. Tektites have been unearthed along with the ____>>fossil bones of Java man. Likely their falls were witnessed by prehistoric and ancient man and the spheres treasured as sacred. The experience would be remembered. In China, they were known as "fire-pearls"; and it is a "fire-pearl" that is pursued
... such topographical formations have been given more than a superficial look (Norman et al., p692) Figure 24 shows an area of broken terrain in Arizona from which Saul's analysis revealed a set of overlapping and eroded astroblemes as shown drawn over the map. Notably, ____metal and mineral deposits are distributed among these astroblemes, lending support to our suggestion elsewhere in this book that most if not all useful minerals and ____metals are deposited and produced by quantavolutionary processes. Beals and Halliday outline criteria used to identify meteorite crater remnants after erosion, ...
1. Anhydride Theory: A New Theory of How Petroleum and Coal are Generated [Aeon Journal]
... being partially oxidized, and that methane from Earth's interior carries a slight negative charge due to coming from that highly reduced environment. As the opposite charges attract each other, methane is drawn into the peat or kerogen. Microorganisms, which pervade the shallow crust and all fossil biomass, strip hydrogen progressively from the abundant foreign methane and yield alkane hydrocarbons and, at the end of the process, terminal carbon as coal or asphaltite. Because orthodoxy has not embraced the idea of generation of higher carbon numbered hydrocarbons from methane, or the
... arguments. Let us consider the evidence for infusion. Many coals have substantially less ash than the supposed precedent vegetation, suggesting that carbon addition from an external source has been necessary for their coalification. ____Metals occur in some coals at levels that are far above the known ____metal contents of present-day vegetation. ____Metals foreign to peat could be metabolically ingested as organo____metallic complexes by microbiota. Most coal measures have no ____>>fossilized regolith below them that would represent the soil horizon in which the original peat-contributing vegetation was rooted. This suggests that the coal volume is far greater than the original peat volume or that the final depositional locality of a coal may differ from the site where the precedent plant life grew. The author prefers the first alternative in most cases. Peat is made up of partially oxidized organic molecules. Decay into more reduced molecular forms does not produce petroleum, but can produce some methane along with carbon dioxide. For quantitative reasons, copious methane production from peat would seem to require the addition of hydrogen and energy from an external source. It is clear from the above that an external agency capable of supplying carbon, hydrogen, energy, and metals has been at work in the generation of the world's coal deposits. Anhydride theory poses the proposition that the carbon forms comprising peat and the residues of animal life, kerogen, carry a slight positive charge due to being partially oxidized, and that methane from Earth's interior carries a slight negative charge due to coming from that highly reduced environment. As the opposite charges attract each other, methane is drawn into the peat or kerogen. Microorganisms, which pervade the shallow crust and all fossil biomass, strip hydrogen progressively from the abundant foreign methane and yield alkane hydrocarbons and, at the end of the process, terminal carbon as coal or asphaltite. Because orthodoxy has not embraced the idea of generation of higher carbon numbered hydrocarbons from methane, or the concept of carbon addition to peat in coalification, let us review the evolution of thinking that has led to the proposed viewpoint. In antiquity, the Greeks named the oil they found in rocks "petroleum," -- that is "rock oil" -- to distinguish it from oil obtained by compressing olives or rendering animal products. To them, rock oil was self-evidently "abiogenic," and coal was "the stone that burns," a simple observable fact. 19th century theorists, understanding fossils, and knowing that one could not compress or render rock to obtain oil, imagined fossil biomass to be the most likely origin of petroleum by "biogenesis." The idea of "fossil fuel" was born as an hypothesis without much consideration of alternatives. As for coal, the presence of plant materials led the nineteenth century geologists to regard coal as merely compressed plant material, another "fossil fuel." These two simplistic ideas prevail in our day. 20th century astrophysicist, Thomas Gold, [2 pointed out the now well known fact that hydrocarbons are present in meteorites and abundant throughout the Solar System. Apparently, where life is not
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>3. Apophoreta [Catastrophism Geology $]
... pages of Economic Geology a lively discussion on bauxite formation had been in progress for several years, between proponents of the residual theory, the alluvial theory, and the volcanic ash theory. I also discovered, from the official geological literature, that: 1- many ____fossil bauxite deposits were formed during a few (three or four) short periods in the Cretaceous; 2- in the Tertiary, a ____fossil ferralitic soil, including important bauxite deposits, formed probably during only one short period, in the early Eocene; 3
... in which provocative hypotheses are presented. They may serve to stimulate thought and research- and the correspondence for the 'Comments' column of this journal. Apophoreta Early this year, professor Doeko Goosen in Enschede, Holland, told me that there was something odd about the ___iron content of the early-Holocene coversands of the Netherlands. These sands are thought to have been formed through a combined fluvial and aeolian activity. But in many of their soils, the amount of ___iron is much too high for such an origin. Moreover, the present
>6. CHAOS AND CREATION: CHAPTER 03: COLLAPSING TESTS OF TIME [Quantavolution Website]
... lasting a few days, produced them. In the history of geology anomalous discoveries in supposedly old sedimentary deposits are numerous: a Roman coin ploughed up from the prairie of Illinois [15; a doll sucked from under till and lava in Idaho [16; a ____fossil fish below hundreds of feet of Wyoming shale pirouhetted among many layers of annual varves [17; a "4000 year-old" log ensconced in a "billion year-old ___iron deposit of Labrador;" [18 a ____fossil 80-foot skeleton whale poised upright amidst some "million
... " of diatomaceous (organic) deposits [19; a ____fossilized set of startled extinct "bullheads" in English lower Old Redstone marking millions of years [20; a 100-foot diameter boulder nestling in a large pure clay deposit in Timor [21; a house-high muck of smashed bones in Alaska [22; human bones and sophisticated artifacts amidst extinct animal remains and Tertiary fauna under California lava [23; and so on. Each one warns: "Stop the clock!" All together, they say, "Question all deposits
9. Velikovsky's Critics and Catastrophism [Pensee]
... to see what meanings may be given to geological epochs say 20 years from now if the revolution in thought that Velikovsky's work seems to require actually takes place. I am reminded here of a section in Melvin Cook's book, Prehistory and Earth Models, where he discusses ____fossil wood samples that had been recovered from the ___iron ore mine at Schefferville at a depth of several hundred feet below the surface (3). This material, found in a preCambrian deposit, he says was subsequently described as late Cretaceous rubble(4),
... two independent and consistent radiocarbon analyses produced ages in the vicinity of four thousand years. Which of these time datings should be accepted? Or is something wrong with our present scheme of epoch construction that a stronger orientation toward catastrophism might eliminate? When dealing with earth surface features, too, it is being recognized that landforms such as deltas, for example, may, certainly on the small scale, be produced in a matter of days(5). Since many sedimentary deposits consist of gravels or coarse conglomerates over considerable areas and
>14. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop $]
... reporting this item to us, was the boldly stated: "The 1908 Tunguska impact in Siberia was probably that of a comet." Terminal Eocene Event source: NATURE 28/5/81, p. 315-7 M. E. Collinson et al have studied ____fossil flora (fruits, seeds, pollen and spores) from the Eocene Period of Southern England. Their analysis demonstrates a gradual cooling of climate throughout the Eocene Period, with two major divisions in this change of flora. These are similar results to those obtained in
... . Smit and G. Klaver on the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay from Caravaca in Spain, which contains numerous spherules of almost pure K-feldspar in a finely-crystallised form. K (potassium) is not usually reported as being present in meteorites, but K-feldspars have been reported in some ___iron meteorites. The authors investigated all possible origins for the feldspar spherules, but on grounds of physical appearance and structure they decided that the crystals were the ablation products due to cooling off of hot meteoritic material. They suggest that a large metal-sulphide-silicate body, either planetesimal
>27. An Ordovician Hammer? [Science Frontiers Website]
... "The wood in the handle was hard and fibrously intact when discovered. (7) "When the stone surface was first removed, the ___iron (alloy?) was shiny and began to corrode only several months later. (8) "The concretion contained ____fossil shells which can just be seen at the top left of the picture [not reproduced. (9) "When the concretion was first broken open, there was a significant space around the hammer." (Anonymous; "Ordovician Hammer Report," Ex
... The interior of the handle is partly coalified. (5) "The handle contains pockets of fluid. (6) "The wood in the handle was hard and fibrously intact when discovered. (7) "When the stone surface was first removed, the ___iron (alloy?) was shiny and began to corrode only several months later. (8) "The concretion contained ____fossil shells which can just be seen at the top left of the picture [not reproduced. (9) "When the concretion was first
>32. The Nullarbor Lode [Science Frontiers Website]
... seem to be up to a million years old; those of Nullarbor, perhaps 16,000-18,000 years. (Anonymous; "A Meteorite Bounty from Down Under," Sky and Telescope, November 1991.) Comment. Perhaps pertinent is the observation that ____fossil meteorites are essentially nonexistent in geological formations older than a million years. This is an anomaly of itself! From Science Frontiers #80, MAR-APR 1992.© 1992-2000 William R. Corliss Other Sites of Interest SIS. Catastrophism, archaeoastronomy, ancient history, mythology
... continent. Even more recently, the desolate, desert-like Nullarbor (" no-trees") Plain, in Southern Australia, has been discovered to be another concentrated source of of meteorites. There may be millions there. The problem is that only 2.9% of them are ___iron meteorites, whereas those picked up in recent years around the planet-at-large are 4.8% ___irons. The meteorites from the Antarctic lode, on the other hand, weigh in with only 2.2% ___irons. Why the marked differences? Could it be age? The Antarctic
>42. Chapter VII: The Earth [The Age of Velikovsky] [The Age of Velikovsky] [Books]
... , they fall to the ground and decay. Their remains would not be around long enough to be included in coal production. Also, single, thick coal formations sometimes divide into many thin coal layers with limestone or other rock formations between. Ager mentioned that a ____fossil tree 38 feet high, still standing in its living position, was found in the late carboniferous coal measures of Lancashire. He concluded that sedimentation must have occurred rapidly enough to bury the tree and petrify it before it had time to rot. 7 In addition
... mixed plant debris from different botanical zones, some coal contains ____fossils of marine organisms which, when living, required vastly different enironments. Erratic boulders and chunks of ___iron are also found in coal seams. These characteristics encouraged the suggestion that some materials washed down rivers and stacked up in bends to form coal. This overcomes many of the peat-bog problems, but does not explain the presence of ocean-dwelling species and the fact that deep sea crinoids and clear-water ocean corals often alternate with coal seams in thick beds. The suggestion of Velikovsky was
>50. Thoth Vol. VI, No. 5 Aug 30, 2002 [Thoth Website]
... ., Briggs, D.E.G., Riou, B., "Mineralization of soft-bodied invertebrates in a Jurassic metalliferous deposit," Geology, September, 1996, v. 24, no. 9, pp. 847-850). When the bacteria form apatite, the ____fossil is preserved at the subcellular, microscopic level. (Apatite is the chief mineral, a form of calcium phosphate, from which our bones are composed) "( W)here soft tissues are preserved in pyrite [___iron sulfide and other minerals, only their
... part. [Among these are the formation of limestone, petrified wood and bone; the formation of elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, calcium, silica, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, and sulphur; the formation of heavy metals such as ___iron, manganese, silver, and gold, the origin of geodes, and the formation of natural gas and other hydrocarbons. In recognition of these discoveries university departments are popping up with new names such as geomicrobiology. Some of these startling findings challenge our understanding of
>53. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop $]
... up the Earth. So much for the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus! Ice age Eden Earthwatch Magazine Jan/Feb 95, p. 30 About 200,000 years ago Britain was supposed to be in the middle of an ice age but one of the richest ____fossil sites in Europe, near Oxford, has revealed large numbers of well preserved remains of plants and large mammals, including mammoths and lions, indicative of a lush, warm period. CATASTROPHES Ungallantly unacknowledged Abstract of talk at GSA meeting, Oct. 1994 Hugh Torrens
... by glaciers during ice ages were preferred, despite much evidence to the contrary. Now, with the acceptance of impact theories, a few geologists are suggesting that some 'glacial' deposits are in fact the ejecta of comets or asteroids. If some of that fall-out were ___iron, then recent experiments in the Pacific have shown that this could cause a massive, rapid growth of plankton in the oceans, possibly leading to climate changes. Cracks in the greenhouse New Scientist 8.10.94, p. 19 The greenhouse theory of global warming has been
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FOSSIL, METAL (continued)
2. Catastrophism and Evolution [SIS C&C Review]
... to the present day, with approximate dates obtained using the potassium-argon method and uniformitarian assumptions. Subdivisions (epochs) of the Tertiary Period are: Pliocene 2-7; Miocene 7-25; Oligocene 25-38; Eocene 38-55; and Palaeocene 55-65 million years ago respectively.
_Evolution and the ____>>fossil record
_Ever since the time of Georges Cuvier [16, it has been apparent that the evidence of the Earth's rocks is not in accord with a smooth, gradual and even-paced development of organisms of increasing complexity; rather it speaks of abrupt changes of environment,
... 74, 75, 76. All the largish reptiles which survived, such as the turtles and crocodiles, could hibernate to avoid the adverse conditions; perhaps the dinosaurs did not practise hibernation. There is now increasing evidence, from sites with anomalous amounts of the noble ____metal iridium, that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and Eocene were caused by meteorite (or cometary) impact. The map shows the major locations of the iridium finds. Fresh water aquatics survived, as they survived the Permian-Triassic extinctions, possibly because ...
3. THE LATELY TORTURED EARTH: PART II: EXOTERRESTRIAL DROPS: 10.____Metals, Salt and Oil [Quantavolution Website]
... of a biomass from a comet is not at all impossible. Furthermore, the distinction between living and non-living structures is not clear in the hydrocarbons of oil. "Trieb's isolation of pigments related to chlorophyll and haemin marks the origin of organic geochemistry... The ____>>fossil prophyrins of ancient sediments and of petroleum are chemical ____>>fossils; just as the more commonly known morphological ____>>fossils, they represent surviving evidence of ancient life processes that had achieved an increased structural order on the macroscopic and on the molecular level and inorganic as well as in ...
. Generally, too, the meteoroids have encrustations attributable to their experiences in space, although this is statistically discoverable and not an absolute distinction. Perhaps somewhere in the literature, unknown to the present writer, exists a systematic examination of the boundaries of a very large ____metal body demonstrating a lack of exoterrestrial experience. Nor is there a great iron body embedded in precambrian rock; nor has anyone come upon intrusive pipes of iron ore that would have conveyed ____metal from the core or mantle, by some combination of electrical and volcanic force ...
6. Velikovsky like theory of gravity and magnetism [SIS Internet Digest]
... million years apart were not accompanied by axis reversals. But that is because geologists are unaware of independent evidence for such axis reversals (eg. as derived from the Blackett Wilson paper quoted above.) there is nothing in the implied climactic shifts that would disturb the ____>>fossil sequence. The relative widths of oppositely magnetized zones on the ocean floor and the spreading of the floor are also not inconsistent with axis shifts. The evidence of magnetic reversals from the differences in directions of magnetization in different layers of cooled lava is also consistent with
... to electrostatic dipoles with two orthogonal components transverse to the sustained electrostatic field inside the free electrons and inside the lattice nuclei. The magnitude of the transverse dipoles increases with the distance r between the wires. hence the free electrons in a non current carrying conductive sheet of ____metal interposed as in electrostatic screening between two parallel current carrying wires feel an inverse r cubed force while the effective force between the dipoles is a stronger inverse r squared force equivalent to the Ampere force between parallel current carrying wire segments and generalizable to all relative orientations. ...
10. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... Mapinguari, many reports of which originate from the Brazilian rainforest. A researcher in Brazil now suggests that these sightings are real and that the creature is a giant ground sloth, previously believed to have become extinct between 11,000 and 8,500 years ago. ____Fossil remains of at least 8 genera of ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, have been found in Brazil and details fit descriptions of Mapinguari. However, more extreme descriptions, such as it being one-eyed, having a mouth in its belly
... in Ireland, dating to the beginning of Irish ____metallurgy around 2300 BC. Analysis of early Bronze Age artefacts in the region found that they contained a fairly high level of arsenic, making them a stronger alloy than purer copper. Archaeologists assumed that the composition of prehistoric ____metal artefacts showed a natural progression of improvement through time, from copper to arsenical copper and then to tin-bronze as smelting skills and craft specialisation improved. In addition the theory of diffusionism gave rise to the idea that ____metallurgy, like other major technological developments slowly spread from
11. Jupiter, Gold, and the Birth of Athene [Velikovsky Archive Website]
... northern Russia, that gold is of recent origin: Whatever may have been the date when the rock was first rendered auriferous [gold-bearing, the date of this great superficial distribution of gold is clearly indicated. For it contains in many places the same remains of extinct ____>>fossil quadrupeds that are found in the coarse drift-gravel of Western Europe. The elephas primogenius, or Mammoth, bos aurochs, rhinoceros tochorrhinus, with gigantic stags, and many other species, including large carnivores, were unquestionably before that period of destruction the denizens of Europe
... occur in the Siberian flank of the chain. If, then, the mammoth drift be the oldest mass of detritus in which gold occurs abundantly, not only in the Ural, but in many parts of the world, we are led to believe that this noble ____metal, though for the most part formed in ancient crystalline rocks, or in the igneous rocks which penetrated them, was only abundantly imparted to them in a comparatively recent period i.e., a short time (in geological language) before the epoch when the very ...
12. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... the end of the last ice age the temperature in the northern hemisphere rose 7 degrees C in only 50 years. Time scales become more catastrophic by the hour! Jawbone drops its date The Times 2.1.92 One of the oldest specimens of Homo sapiens from Europe, a ____>>fossil jawbone estimated to be perhaps a quarter of a million years old, has recently been redated to less than 50,000 years. Seine fishers The Times 2.1.92 The first farmers in northern Europe left some log canoes which have recently been excavated beneath Paris. They
... ' which is rather intriguing considering the heretical pharaoh was supposedly the world's first monotheist. European Bronze Age catastrophe Earthwatch magazine March/April 1992, p. 56 A Bronze Age village in northern Spain, dating from 2000 BC, shows a catastrophic abandonment with pottery and ____metal objects scattered everywhere. The riddle of the sphinx New Scientist 15.2.92, p. 20; Kindred Spirit Vol.2 No.6 pp. 32-33 and The Times 16.5.92, p. 16 Computer graphics have been used to produce a picture of the sphinx as it supposedly used to ...
13. Personal Notes [Pensee]
... said at the Symposium, I do not expect you to provide the details of such evolution. However, such must be supplied if your theory is to stand validated. Astronomical and geological evidences as well as historical evidences are not enough. Nor are the gaps in ____>>fossil records, and the sudden appearance of new groups of organisms enough. Your theory must be supported with demonstrations that there are genetic mechanisms which would allow rapid transformation of species within one to a few generations. Frankly the explanation in Earth in Upheaval is inadequate as
... Both the thermal and acoustical effects are transient factors, achieving high temperatures or pressures in an extremely steep gradient, but the thermal effect would tend to be degenerating while that of the shock wave would be one of displacement. In the literature shock wave forming of complex ____metal parts is well known, where complicated topologies are formed which are stress-free. I have even performed an experiment by detonating a charge within an enclosed space to observe the effects on a crystal slurry of magnesium carbonate; the crystals, under the microscope, showed peculiar ...
17. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... and short forelimbs. Chinese treasures Earthwatch Magazine May/June 1994, p. 36 and New Scientist 28.5.94, p. 18 45 Myrs ago a remarkably varied group of primitive primates, the earliest ancestors of monkeys, apes and man, lived in China. Recent ____>>fossil finds of these creatures push the origins of the group further back in time than previously thought and one, a tarsier with relatives still living in south-east Asian rain forests appears to be 30 Myrs older than previously accepted. Have they got their dates wrong yet again
... 1000 years later. One thing the Spanish introduced which was not an improvement was their style of house building, which was less earthquake proof than the earlier peoples'. Peru- Golden oldies.... Scientific American April 1994, pp. 60-67 Many precious ____metal artefacts from Peru are attributed to the Incas or their coastal rivals, the Chimu, but it seems that there was an earlier Sican culture whose use of ____metal was unprecedented in the pre-Hispanic New World. They ushered the bronze age into northern Peru around 1000 AD ...
20. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... used to assume that the massive deposits of amber in the Baltic were the result of some sort of disaster in an ancient forest. However this has been shown to be unnecessary as some modern trees yield easily enough resin to account for the accumulations of amber in the ____>>fossil record. The marvellous state of preservation of organisms found in it is also explained by its dehydrating and antibiotic effects. There is still one mystery remaining, however. It is not known exactly where the amber in ____>>fossil beds comes from as it was moved by
... asteroid Science Frontiers No.86, March-April 1993 Asteroid Gaspra, 13 km across, gave a 'magnetic wallop' to the magnetometer of spacecraft Galileo on its way to Jupiter last August. This is the first known case of a magnetic asteroid and indicates that it is probably mostly ____metal. Fuzzy lights Science Frontiers No.86, March-April 1993 Fuzzy rapidly moving lights in the sky are frequently observed by amateur astronomers and are as yet not satisfactorily explained. They may be related to the small icy comets postulated by Frank to bring water continually to Earth. ...
21. Monitor [SIS C&C Review]
... oceans would literally appear to boil and the gas released would lead to global warming as a runaway event. The Palaeocene-Eocene warming took place in three episodes, probably over only a few hundred years, but then took 60,000 years to cool down again. Early ____>>fossil horses became suddenly smaller but then gradually increased in size again. Black Sea Flood- more Evidence National Geographic May 2001, pp. 52-68 Pitman and Ryan's theory of the catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea 7,500 years ago has received more supporting evidence.
... BBC 2 TV, Meet the Ancestors, 9.1.01, New Scientist 23/30.12.00, p. 7, Scientific American Jan. 2001, pp. 62-67 A jumbled burial over 3,000yrs ago in Gloucestershire gives insights into life then and the uses of Bronze Age ____metal. It seems an environmental change in the early Middle Bronze Age made people migrate down from higher land, leading to skirmishes and the onset of boundary marking. Bronze swords and spears, usually thought of for killing animals or for show, were used but, ...
24. Discussion Comments From the Floor [Aeon Journal]
... , and brilliant one. He opened the way to a new era for humanity. His work will survive for that reason, and many others besides. STRATIGRAPHY AS HISTORY SPEAKER: CHARLES GINENTHAL Charles Darwin advanced his theory of gradual evolution based on the assumption that the ____>>fossil record known at that time, which was negative to his hypothesis, was "imperfect." By "imperfect" Darwin meant that, with time and further exploration, the missing links necessary to his hypothesis would eventually be discovered. The fact of the matter
... that life originated in the earliest period of the Earth's history, before the planet had been completely consolidated. Since the materials that would eventually form the crust and mantle had not differentiated, there existed large amounts of iron exposed at the surface. Under those conditions the ____metal combined with the atmosphere in a series of chemical reactions, giving rise to a new atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Then, as the Earth outgassed water, the CO 2 and H 2 0 initiated a "runaway greenhouse effect" that mimicked the ...
27. THE LATELY TORTURED EARTH: PART II: EXOTERRESTRIAL DROPS: 9.Gases, Poisons and Foods [Quantavolution Website]
... diseases. The most substantial theory of Exodus times regards them as part of a much larger, a global, event, involving the close passage of a comet, so that radiation effects are logically to be expected. Recent studies have discovered high levels of radiation in ____>>fossil flora and fauna, going back far in conventionally dated geological time. Kloosterman writes of" anomalous high radioactivity" in a fish from the same Old Red Sandstore beds in which the Pterichtyades occur, "fishes often invoked by catastrophists..." and quotes
... a probable interruption in the Earth's movement. As happens when a mega-force is operating, one force incites another: the destruction might have been occasioned by gas and "celestial fire" acting together. A charged gas would have descended, possibly lured by the concentration of ____metal weaponry and myriad campfires. The gas cloud would have sent an electrical leader to the camp grounds and the subsequent exchange of potentials would have killed the Assyrian host. Sennacherib the king escaped, he was probably camped high and far from the multitude of soldiers. ...
29. Monitor [SIS C&C Review]
... . 97, p. 137 Australia has always been considered a backwater for mammalian evolution, its so-called 'primitive' monotremes and marsupials only surviving because the more 'advanced' placentals from the north did not reach there until relatively recently, 5 Myrs ago. Now a tiny ____>>fossil jawbone of an early placental has been found, dated at 115 Myrs. It would appear that the placentals were actually superseded by marsupials, whose position lower down the evolutionary scale may therefore simply reflect a British colonial attitude of northern superiority. ____Fossils of a large
... Yes, mainstream scientists are actually acknowledging that possibility, but don't get too excited- it is due to polar wander which takes place infinitely slowly over millions of years. Oceanic riches New Scientist 10.1.98, p. 13, 14.3.98, p. 22 Huge deposits of ____metal ores are being continually formed on the ocean floor by geothermal volcanic springs. Oil is supposed to have formed in ancient seas when living organisms were buried in sediment and subjected to pressure but there are signs of oil in Australian rocks which were thought to be too ...
31. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... Scientist 10.9.87, p.26 We have previously reported our surprise at the finding of a lizard preserved whole and intact in amber (see Workshop 3:2 [1980, pp.21-22). Now, discovered in a amber mine (!) in Dominica is the oldest amphibian ____>>fossil so far recovered in Mesoamerica- a frog in amber. It is difficult to visualise the non-catastrophic conditions under which the tree exudates (which give rise to amber) could have been formed in large enough globs and deposited quickly enough to envelop and ____>>fossilise a frog
... No 2 (Jan 1988) Home¦ Issue Contents Monitor Tin Source Discovered source: New Scientist 23.7.87, p.27 John Dayton's book, Minerals, ____Metals, Glazing and Man (London 1978) attempts to reconstruct the history of the ancient world by tracking down mineral and ____metal sources, trading, and glazing technology. One major assumption of the book is that all major ____metal and mineral sources are known. A new discovery threatens to overturn this assumption. In about the 6th to 5th millennium BC tin bronzes were worked in Anatolia, ...
34. Society News [SIS C&C Review]
... was a dead end and not on the direct line to modern man. The multi-regional hypothesis, i.e. that evolutionary pressures had led to the evolution of modern man independently all over the world was suggested early on and still believed in by some today. Meanwhile, ____>>fossil hunting, mainly in Africa, led to steadily increasing ages for the earliest hominid that could have been the common ancestor. Behind a series of rival theories trying to fit ____>>fossils into an evolutionary tree still lay the basic assumption that there was only one hominid species
... accession: Salkeld thought 16-26, Chavasse 22-23. Did the record indicate cosmic events and, if so, were these Martian? The scarcity of iron among the Israelites was mentioned but David Roth said the translation from the Hebrew left it uncertain whether iron, or simply ____metal, was meant. Rowland suggested the Israelites may have asked Samuel to appoint a king because they were embarrassed that all nations around them had kings and they needed one for the sake of national identity. Trevor Palmer pointed out that they must have been fed up ...
37. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... , particularly those living underground, survived just a few miles away and recolonisation has happened far more quickly than ecologists expected. Origins of modern Man Scientific American December 1990, pp. 68-74 This article is a useful summary of all the present evidence, both genetic and ____>>fossil, that all present day humans are descended from a recent African ancestor. Neanderthal appears to have been a separate species which co-existed with early man and shows little sign of interbreeding. There is no clear evidence that modern man had any particular advantage over earlier types
... style. Bronze Age tin mine- 1000 years too early? National Geographic, October 1990, geographica A tin mine found in Turkey's Taurus mountains is dated to 2900 to 2200 BC. It was a rich source of other minerals, with a nearby major Bronze Age ____metal processing site from which ____metals were shipped to the coast 150 miles away. Analysis shows the lead from this site to be identical to that of net sinkers found on the Ulu Burun boat wreck, identified as a Canaanite trader from 1000 years later. Traditions verified ...
40. Indra: A Case Study in Comparative Mythology [Aeon Journal]
... an indispensable tool. Like comparative anatomy in biology, comparative mythology allows for the recognition of parallels in seemingly diverse forms from different times and places; and once such parallels are established, the reconstruction of a god's cult can begin, not unlike the reconstruction of a ____>>fossil hominid from a few teeth and an occasional bone. If a crucial link in the sacred dossier of Indra has been lost, perhaps it can be recovered from the dossier of some other hero. In this way, and in this way only, in our
... 134. 179. Another common motive makes the fiery hero heat the waters to such an extent that they remain hot to this day. The passion of Heracles, for example, was described as follows: "His blood hissed and bubbled like spring water when red-hot ____metal is tempered. He plunged headlong into the nearest stream, but the poison only burned fiercer; these waters have been scalding hot ever since." See Graves, op cit., p. 201. Hence the intimate association between Heracles and hot springs in
Last Edit: Jul 10, 2020 at 9:57am by Admin
1. FOSSIL CONCRETIONS; FOSSIL, METAL; FOSSIL, IRON
FOSSIL CONCRETIONS
Mazon Creek fossil beds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazon_Creek_fossil_beds
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Search?search=fossil+beds&go=Go&ns0=1
_The Mazon Creek fossil beds ... fossils are preserved in ironstone concretions
_These concretions frequently preserve both hard and soft tissues of animal and plant materials, as well as many soft-bodied organisms that do not normally fossilize.
_The Mazon Creek fossils are found in the Upper Carboniferous Francis Creek Shale ... 25 to 30 meters of shale
_The fossiliferous concretions are usually found within the thickest deposits of Francis Creek. The concretions occur in localized deposits within the silty to sandy mudstones, in the lower four metres of the formation.
_The remains of plants and animals were rapidly buried by the sediment deposited in the deltaic system. Bacterial decomposition of the remains produced carbon dioxide that combined with dissolved iron from the groundwater. This process formed siderite in the sediments surrounding the remains, forming detailed casts of their structure. Lithification of the sediments formed protective nodules of ironstone around the now fossilized remains. This mode of preservation is known as authigenic mineralisation.
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Trying to figure out how fossils got coated or associated with metals
>30. Thoth Vol. VI, No. 5 Aug 30, 2002 [Thoth Website] www.saturniancosmology.org/files/thoth/thovi-05.txt
... ., Briggs, D.E.G., Riou, B., "Mineralization of soft-bodied invertebrates in a Jurassic ____metalliferous deposit," Geology, September, 1996, v. 24, no. 9, pp. 847-850).
_When the bacteria form apatite, the ____>>fossil is preserved at the subcellular, microscopic level. (Apatite is the chief mineral, a form of calcium phosphate, from which our bones are composed) "( W)here soft tissues are preserved in pyrite [iron sulfide] and other minerals, only their
... to the role of microorganisms in geological processes. (Gold, The Deep Hot Biosphere (1999) p. 131). He says: "Indeed the problem is so great that answers are promoted piecemeal - some chemical reactions are proposed for the solution and deposition of one ____metal, and a different set is proposed for another. Piecemeal answers are especially questionable when there is a group of ____metals involved, and a different path is proposed for each of them., yet they are often packed closely together." (p. 132 ...
>33. SOLARIA BINARIA: PART TWO: DESTRUCTION OF THE SOLAR BINARY: CHAPTER ELEVEN: ASTROBLEMES OF THE EARTH [Quantavolution Website]
... lunar volcano. Equally, they could be products of the electric arc, or ejecta from the breakup of Super Uranus; more likely they were generated in cosmic thunderbolt strikes to Earth which occurred at intervals while Solaria Binaria disintegrated. Tektites have been unearthed along with the ____>>fossil bones of Java man. Likely their falls were witnessed by prehistoric and ancient man and the spheres treasured as sacred. The experience would be remembered. In China, they were known as "fire-pearls"; and it is a "fire-pearl" that is pursued
... such topographical formations have been given more than a superficial look (Norman et al., p692) Figure 24 shows an area of broken terrain in Arizona from which Saul's analysis revealed a set of overlapping and eroded astroblemes as shown drawn over the map. Notably, ____metal and mineral deposits are distributed among these astroblemes, lending support to our suggestion elsewhere in this book that most if not all useful minerals and ____metals are deposited and produced by quantavolutionary processes. Beals and Halliday outline criteria used to identify meteorite crater remnants after erosion, ...
1. Anhydride Theory: A New Theory of How Petroleum and Coal are Generated [Aeon Journal]
... being partially oxidized, and that methane from Earth's interior carries a slight negative charge due to coming from that highly reduced environment. As the opposite charges attract each other, methane is drawn into the peat or kerogen. Microorganisms, which pervade the shallow crust and all fossil biomass, strip hydrogen progressively from the abundant foreign methane and yield alkane hydrocarbons and, at the end of the process, terminal carbon as coal or asphaltite. Because orthodoxy has not embraced the idea of generation of higher carbon numbered hydrocarbons from methane, or the
... arguments. Let us consider the evidence for infusion. Many coals have substantially less ash than the supposed precedent vegetation, suggesting that carbon addition from an external source has been necessary for their coalification. ____Metals occur in some coals at levels that are far above the known ____metal contents of present-day vegetation. ____Metals foreign to peat could be metabolically ingested as organo____metallic complexes by microbiota. Most coal measures have no ____>>fossilized regolith below them that would represent the soil horizon in which the original peat-contributing vegetation was rooted. This suggests that the coal volume is far greater than the original peat volume or that the final depositional locality of a coal may differ from the site where the precedent plant life grew. The author prefers the first alternative in most cases. Peat is made up of partially oxidized organic molecules. Decay into more reduced molecular forms does not produce petroleum, but can produce some methane along with carbon dioxide. For quantitative reasons, copious methane production from peat would seem to require the addition of hydrogen and energy from an external source. It is clear from the above that an external agency capable of supplying carbon, hydrogen, energy, and metals has been at work in the generation of the world's coal deposits. Anhydride theory poses the proposition that the carbon forms comprising peat and the residues of animal life, kerogen, carry a slight positive charge due to being partially oxidized, and that methane from Earth's interior carries a slight negative charge due to coming from that highly reduced environment. As the opposite charges attract each other, methane is drawn into the peat or kerogen. Microorganisms, which pervade the shallow crust and all fossil biomass, strip hydrogen progressively from the abundant foreign methane and yield alkane hydrocarbons and, at the end of the process, terminal carbon as coal or asphaltite. Because orthodoxy has not embraced the idea of generation of higher carbon numbered hydrocarbons from methane, or the concept of carbon addition to peat in coalification, let us review the evolution of thinking that has led to the proposed viewpoint. In antiquity, the Greeks named the oil they found in rocks "petroleum," -- that is "rock oil" -- to distinguish it from oil obtained by compressing olives or rendering animal products. To them, rock oil was self-evidently "abiogenic," and coal was "the stone that burns," a simple observable fact. 19th century theorists, understanding fossils, and knowing that one could not compress or render rock to obtain oil, imagined fossil biomass to be the most likely origin of petroleum by "biogenesis." The idea of "fossil fuel" was born as an hypothesis without much consideration of alternatives. As for coal, the presence of plant materials led the nineteenth century geologists to regard coal as merely compressed plant material, another "fossil fuel." These two simplistic ideas prevail in our day. 20th century astrophysicist, Thomas Gold, [2 pointed out the now well known fact that hydrocarbons are present in meteorites and abundant throughout the Solar System. Apparently, where life is not
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>3. Apophoreta [Catastrophism Geology $]
... pages of Economic Geology a lively discussion on bauxite formation had been in progress for several years, between proponents of the residual theory, the alluvial theory, and the volcanic ash theory. I also discovered, from the official geological literature, that: 1- many ____fossil bauxite deposits were formed during a few (three or four) short periods in the Cretaceous; 2- in the Tertiary, a ____fossil ferralitic soil, including important bauxite deposits, formed probably during only one short period, in the early Eocene; 3
... in which provocative hypotheses are presented. They may serve to stimulate thought and research- and the correspondence for the 'Comments' column of this journal. Apophoreta Early this year, professor Doeko Goosen in Enschede, Holland, told me that there was something odd about the ___iron content of the early-Holocene coversands of the Netherlands. These sands are thought to have been formed through a combined fluvial and aeolian activity. But in many of their soils, the amount of ___iron is much too high for such an origin. Moreover, the present
>6. CHAOS AND CREATION: CHAPTER 03: COLLAPSING TESTS OF TIME [Quantavolution Website]
... lasting a few days, produced them. In the history of geology anomalous discoveries in supposedly old sedimentary deposits are numerous: a Roman coin ploughed up from the prairie of Illinois [15; a doll sucked from under till and lava in Idaho [16; a ____fossil fish below hundreds of feet of Wyoming shale pirouhetted among many layers of annual varves [17; a "4000 year-old" log ensconced in a "billion year-old ___iron deposit of Labrador;" [18 a ____fossil 80-foot skeleton whale poised upright amidst some "million
... " of diatomaceous (organic) deposits [19; a ____fossilized set of startled extinct "bullheads" in English lower Old Redstone marking millions of years [20; a 100-foot diameter boulder nestling in a large pure clay deposit in Timor [21; a house-high muck of smashed bones in Alaska [22; human bones and sophisticated artifacts amidst extinct animal remains and Tertiary fauna under California lava [23; and so on. Each one warns: "Stop the clock!" All together, they say, "Question all deposits
9. Velikovsky's Critics and Catastrophism [Pensee]
... to see what meanings may be given to geological epochs say 20 years from now if the revolution in thought that Velikovsky's work seems to require actually takes place. I am reminded here of a section in Melvin Cook's book, Prehistory and Earth Models, where he discusses ____fossil wood samples that had been recovered from the ___iron ore mine at Schefferville at a depth of several hundred feet below the surface (3). This material, found in a preCambrian deposit, he says was subsequently described as late Cretaceous rubble(4),
... two independent and consistent radiocarbon analyses produced ages in the vicinity of four thousand years. Which of these time datings should be accepted? Or is something wrong with our present scheme of epoch construction that a stronger orientation toward catastrophism might eliminate? When dealing with earth surface features, too, it is being recognized that landforms such as deltas, for example, may, certainly on the small scale, be produced in a matter of days(5). Since many sedimentary deposits consist of gravels or coarse conglomerates over considerable areas and
>14. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop $]
... reporting this item to us, was the boldly stated: "The 1908 Tunguska impact in Siberia was probably that of a comet." Terminal Eocene Event source: NATURE 28/5/81, p. 315-7 M. E. Collinson et al have studied ____fossil flora (fruits, seeds, pollen and spores) from the Eocene Period of Southern England. Their analysis demonstrates a gradual cooling of climate throughout the Eocene Period, with two major divisions in this change of flora. These are similar results to those obtained in
... . Smit and G. Klaver on the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary clay from Caravaca in Spain, which contains numerous spherules of almost pure K-feldspar in a finely-crystallised form. K (potassium) is not usually reported as being present in meteorites, but K-feldspars have been reported in some ___iron meteorites. The authors investigated all possible origins for the feldspar spherules, but on grounds of physical appearance and structure they decided that the crystals were the ablation products due to cooling off of hot meteoritic material. They suggest that a large metal-sulphide-silicate body, either planetesimal
>27. An Ordovician Hammer? [Science Frontiers Website]
... "The wood in the handle was hard and fibrously intact when discovered. (7) "When the stone surface was first removed, the ___iron (alloy?) was shiny and began to corrode only several months later. (8) "The concretion contained ____fossil shells which can just be seen at the top left of the picture [not reproduced. (9) "When the concretion was first broken open, there was a significant space around the hammer." (Anonymous; "Ordovician Hammer Report," Ex
... The interior of the handle is partly coalified. (5) "The handle contains pockets of fluid. (6) "The wood in the handle was hard and fibrously intact when discovered. (7) "When the stone surface was first removed, the ___iron (alloy?) was shiny and began to corrode only several months later. (8) "The concretion contained ____fossil shells which can just be seen at the top left of the picture [not reproduced. (9) "When the concretion was first
>32. The Nullarbor Lode [Science Frontiers Website]
... seem to be up to a million years old; those of Nullarbor, perhaps 16,000-18,000 years. (Anonymous; "A Meteorite Bounty from Down Under," Sky and Telescope, November 1991.) Comment. Perhaps pertinent is the observation that ____fossil meteorites are essentially nonexistent in geological formations older than a million years. This is an anomaly of itself! From Science Frontiers #80, MAR-APR 1992.© 1992-2000 William R. Corliss Other Sites of Interest SIS. Catastrophism, archaeoastronomy, ancient history, mythology
... continent. Even more recently, the desolate, desert-like Nullarbor (" no-trees") Plain, in Southern Australia, has been discovered to be another concentrated source of of meteorites. There may be millions there. The problem is that only 2.9% of them are ___iron meteorites, whereas those picked up in recent years around the planet-at-large are 4.8% ___irons. The meteorites from the Antarctic lode, on the other hand, weigh in with only 2.2% ___irons. Why the marked differences? Could it be age? The Antarctic
>42. Chapter VII: The Earth [The Age of Velikovsky] [The Age of Velikovsky] [Books]
... , they fall to the ground and decay. Their remains would not be around long enough to be included in coal production. Also, single, thick coal formations sometimes divide into many thin coal layers with limestone or other rock formations between. Ager mentioned that a ____fossil tree 38 feet high, still standing in its living position, was found in the late carboniferous coal measures of Lancashire. He concluded that sedimentation must have occurred rapidly enough to bury the tree and petrify it before it had time to rot. 7 In addition
... mixed plant debris from different botanical zones, some coal contains ____fossils of marine organisms which, when living, required vastly different enironments. Erratic boulders and chunks of ___iron are also found in coal seams. These characteristics encouraged the suggestion that some materials washed down rivers and stacked up in bends to form coal. This overcomes many of the peat-bog problems, but does not explain the presence of ocean-dwelling species and the fact that deep sea crinoids and clear-water ocean corals often alternate with coal seams in thick beds. The suggestion of Velikovsky was
>50. Thoth Vol. VI, No. 5 Aug 30, 2002 [Thoth Website]
... ., Briggs, D.E.G., Riou, B., "Mineralization of soft-bodied invertebrates in a Jurassic metalliferous deposit," Geology, September, 1996, v. 24, no. 9, pp. 847-850). When the bacteria form apatite, the ____fossil is preserved at the subcellular, microscopic level. (Apatite is the chief mineral, a form of calcium phosphate, from which our bones are composed) "( W)here soft tissues are preserved in pyrite [___iron sulfide and other minerals, only their
... part. [Among these are the formation of limestone, petrified wood and bone; the formation of elements such as hydrogen, carbon, oxygen, magnesium, calcium, silica, aluminum, phosphorus, chlorine, and sulphur; the formation of heavy metals such as ___iron, manganese, silver, and gold, the origin of geodes, and the formation of natural gas and other hydrocarbons. In recognition of these discoveries university departments are popping up with new names such as geomicrobiology. Some of these startling findings challenge our understanding of
>53. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop $]
... up the Earth. So much for the runaway greenhouse effect on Venus! Ice age Eden Earthwatch Magazine Jan/Feb 95, p. 30 About 200,000 years ago Britain was supposed to be in the middle of an ice age but one of the richest ____fossil sites in Europe, near Oxford, has revealed large numbers of well preserved remains of plants and large mammals, including mammoths and lions, indicative of a lush, warm period. CATASTROPHES Ungallantly unacknowledged Abstract of talk at GSA meeting, Oct. 1994 Hugh Torrens
... by glaciers during ice ages were preferred, despite much evidence to the contrary. Now, with the acceptance of impact theories, a few geologists are suggesting that some 'glacial' deposits are in fact the ejecta of comets or asteroids. If some of that fall-out were ___iron, then recent experiments in the Pacific have shown that this could cause a massive, rapid growth of plankton in the oceans, possibly leading to climate changes. Cracks in the greenhouse New Scientist 8.10.94, p. 19 The greenhouse theory of global warming has been
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FOSSIL, METAL (continued)
2. Catastrophism and Evolution [SIS C&C Review]
... to the present day, with approximate dates obtained using the potassium-argon method and uniformitarian assumptions. Subdivisions (epochs) of the Tertiary Period are: Pliocene 2-7; Miocene 7-25; Oligocene 25-38; Eocene 38-55; and Palaeocene 55-65 million years ago respectively.
_Evolution and the ____>>fossil record
_Ever since the time of Georges Cuvier [16, it has been apparent that the evidence of the Earth's rocks is not in accord with a smooth, gradual and even-paced development of organisms of increasing complexity; rather it speaks of abrupt changes of environment,
... 74, 75, 76. All the largish reptiles which survived, such as the turtles and crocodiles, could hibernate to avoid the adverse conditions; perhaps the dinosaurs did not practise hibernation. There is now increasing evidence, from sites with anomalous amounts of the noble ____metal iridium, that the mass extinctions at the end of the Cretaceous and Eocene were caused by meteorite (or cometary) impact. The map shows the major locations of the iridium finds. Fresh water aquatics survived, as they survived the Permian-Triassic extinctions, possibly because ...
3. THE LATELY TORTURED EARTH: PART II: EXOTERRESTRIAL DROPS: 10.____Metals, Salt and Oil [Quantavolution Website]
... of a biomass from a comet is not at all impossible. Furthermore, the distinction between living and non-living structures is not clear in the hydrocarbons of oil. "Trieb's isolation of pigments related to chlorophyll and haemin marks the origin of organic geochemistry... The ____>>fossil prophyrins of ancient sediments and of petroleum are chemical ____>>fossils; just as the more commonly known morphological ____>>fossils, they represent surviving evidence of ancient life processes that had achieved an increased structural order on the macroscopic and on the molecular level and inorganic as well as in ...
. Generally, too, the meteoroids have encrustations attributable to their experiences in space, although this is statistically discoverable and not an absolute distinction. Perhaps somewhere in the literature, unknown to the present writer, exists a systematic examination of the boundaries of a very large ____metal body demonstrating a lack of exoterrestrial experience. Nor is there a great iron body embedded in precambrian rock; nor has anyone come upon intrusive pipes of iron ore that would have conveyed ____metal from the core or mantle, by some combination of electrical and volcanic force ...
6. Velikovsky like theory of gravity and magnetism [SIS Internet Digest]
... million years apart were not accompanied by axis reversals. But that is because geologists are unaware of independent evidence for such axis reversals (eg. as derived from the Blackett Wilson paper quoted above.) there is nothing in the implied climactic shifts that would disturb the ____>>fossil sequence. The relative widths of oppositely magnetized zones on the ocean floor and the spreading of the floor are also not inconsistent with axis shifts. The evidence of magnetic reversals from the differences in directions of magnetization in different layers of cooled lava is also consistent with
... to electrostatic dipoles with two orthogonal components transverse to the sustained electrostatic field inside the free electrons and inside the lattice nuclei. The magnitude of the transverse dipoles increases with the distance r between the wires. hence the free electrons in a non current carrying conductive sheet of ____metal interposed as in electrostatic screening between two parallel current carrying wires feel an inverse r cubed force while the effective force between the dipoles is a stronger inverse r squared force equivalent to the Ampere force between parallel current carrying wire segments and generalizable to all relative orientations. ...
10. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... Mapinguari, many reports of which originate from the Brazilian rainforest. A researcher in Brazil now suggests that these sightings are real and that the creature is a giant ground sloth, previously believed to have become extinct between 11,000 and 8,500 years ago. ____Fossil remains of at least 8 genera of ground sloths, some of which reached the size of elephants, have been found in Brazil and details fit descriptions of Mapinguari. However, more extreme descriptions, such as it being one-eyed, having a mouth in its belly
... in Ireland, dating to the beginning of Irish ____metallurgy around 2300 BC. Analysis of early Bronze Age artefacts in the region found that they contained a fairly high level of arsenic, making them a stronger alloy than purer copper. Archaeologists assumed that the composition of prehistoric ____metal artefacts showed a natural progression of improvement through time, from copper to arsenical copper and then to tin-bronze as smelting skills and craft specialisation improved. In addition the theory of diffusionism gave rise to the idea that ____metallurgy, like other major technological developments slowly spread from
11. Jupiter, Gold, and the Birth of Athene [Velikovsky Archive Website]
... northern Russia, that gold is of recent origin: Whatever may have been the date when the rock was first rendered auriferous [gold-bearing, the date of this great superficial distribution of gold is clearly indicated. For it contains in many places the same remains of extinct ____>>fossil quadrupeds that are found in the coarse drift-gravel of Western Europe. The elephas primogenius, or Mammoth, bos aurochs, rhinoceros tochorrhinus, with gigantic stags, and many other species, including large carnivores, were unquestionably before that period of destruction the denizens of Europe
... occur in the Siberian flank of the chain. If, then, the mammoth drift be the oldest mass of detritus in which gold occurs abundantly, not only in the Ural, but in many parts of the world, we are led to believe that this noble ____metal, though for the most part formed in ancient crystalline rocks, or in the igneous rocks which penetrated them, was only abundantly imparted to them in a comparatively recent period i.e., a short time (in geological language) before the epoch when the very ...
12. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... the end of the last ice age the temperature in the northern hemisphere rose 7 degrees C in only 50 years. Time scales become more catastrophic by the hour! Jawbone drops its date The Times 2.1.92 One of the oldest specimens of Homo sapiens from Europe, a ____>>fossil jawbone estimated to be perhaps a quarter of a million years old, has recently been redated to less than 50,000 years. Seine fishers The Times 2.1.92 The first farmers in northern Europe left some log canoes which have recently been excavated beneath Paris. They
... ' which is rather intriguing considering the heretical pharaoh was supposedly the world's first monotheist. European Bronze Age catastrophe Earthwatch magazine March/April 1992, p. 56 A Bronze Age village in northern Spain, dating from 2000 BC, shows a catastrophic abandonment with pottery and ____metal objects scattered everywhere. The riddle of the sphinx New Scientist 15.2.92, p. 20; Kindred Spirit Vol.2 No.6 pp. 32-33 and The Times 16.5.92, p. 16 Computer graphics have been used to produce a picture of the sphinx as it supposedly used to ...
13. Personal Notes [Pensee]
... said at the Symposium, I do not expect you to provide the details of such evolution. However, such must be supplied if your theory is to stand validated. Astronomical and geological evidences as well as historical evidences are not enough. Nor are the gaps in ____>>fossil records, and the sudden appearance of new groups of organisms enough. Your theory must be supported with demonstrations that there are genetic mechanisms which would allow rapid transformation of species within one to a few generations. Frankly the explanation in Earth in Upheaval is inadequate as
... Both the thermal and acoustical effects are transient factors, achieving high temperatures or pressures in an extremely steep gradient, but the thermal effect would tend to be degenerating while that of the shock wave would be one of displacement. In the literature shock wave forming of complex ____metal parts is well known, where complicated topologies are formed which are stress-free. I have even performed an experiment by detonating a charge within an enclosed space to observe the effects on a crystal slurry of magnesium carbonate; the crystals, under the microscope, showed peculiar ...
17. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... and short forelimbs. Chinese treasures Earthwatch Magazine May/June 1994, p. 36 and New Scientist 28.5.94, p. 18 45 Myrs ago a remarkably varied group of primitive primates, the earliest ancestors of monkeys, apes and man, lived in China. Recent ____>>fossil finds of these creatures push the origins of the group further back in time than previously thought and one, a tarsier with relatives still living in south-east Asian rain forests appears to be 30 Myrs older than previously accepted. Have they got their dates wrong yet again
... 1000 years later. One thing the Spanish introduced which was not an improvement was their style of house building, which was less earthquake proof than the earlier peoples'. Peru- Golden oldies.... Scientific American April 1994, pp. 60-67 Many precious ____metal artefacts from Peru are attributed to the Incas or their coastal rivals, the Chimu, but it seems that there was an earlier Sican culture whose use of ____metal was unprecedented in the pre-Hispanic New World. They ushered the bronze age into northern Peru around 1000 AD ...
20. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... used to assume that the massive deposits of amber in the Baltic were the result of some sort of disaster in an ancient forest. However this has been shown to be unnecessary as some modern trees yield easily enough resin to account for the accumulations of amber in the ____>>fossil record. The marvellous state of preservation of organisms found in it is also explained by its dehydrating and antibiotic effects. There is still one mystery remaining, however. It is not known exactly where the amber in ____>>fossil beds comes from as it was moved by
... asteroid Science Frontiers No.86, March-April 1993 Asteroid Gaspra, 13 km across, gave a 'magnetic wallop' to the magnetometer of spacecraft Galileo on its way to Jupiter last August. This is the first known case of a magnetic asteroid and indicates that it is probably mostly ____metal. Fuzzy lights Science Frontiers No.86, March-April 1993 Fuzzy rapidly moving lights in the sky are frequently observed by amateur astronomers and are as yet not satisfactorily explained. They may be related to the small icy comets postulated by Frank to bring water continually to Earth. ...
21. Monitor [SIS C&C Review]
... oceans would literally appear to boil and the gas released would lead to global warming as a runaway event. The Palaeocene-Eocene warming took place in three episodes, probably over only a few hundred years, but then took 60,000 years to cool down again. Early ____>>fossil horses became suddenly smaller but then gradually increased in size again. Black Sea Flood- more Evidence National Geographic May 2001, pp. 52-68 Pitman and Ryan's theory of the catastrophic flooding of the Black Sea 7,500 years ago has received more supporting evidence.
... BBC 2 TV, Meet the Ancestors, 9.1.01, New Scientist 23/30.12.00, p. 7, Scientific American Jan. 2001, pp. 62-67 A jumbled burial over 3,000yrs ago in Gloucestershire gives insights into life then and the uses of Bronze Age ____metal. It seems an environmental change in the early Middle Bronze Age made people migrate down from higher land, leading to skirmishes and the onset of boundary marking. Bronze swords and spears, usually thought of for killing animals or for show, were used but, ...
24. Discussion Comments From the Floor [Aeon Journal]
... , and brilliant one. He opened the way to a new era for humanity. His work will survive for that reason, and many others besides. STRATIGRAPHY AS HISTORY SPEAKER: CHARLES GINENTHAL Charles Darwin advanced his theory of gradual evolution based on the assumption that the ____>>fossil record known at that time, which was negative to his hypothesis, was "imperfect." By "imperfect" Darwin meant that, with time and further exploration, the missing links necessary to his hypothesis would eventually be discovered. The fact of the matter
... that life originated in the earliest period of the Earth's history, before the planet had been completely consolidated. Since the materials that would eventually form the crust and mantle had not differentiated, there existed large amounts of iron exposed at the surface. Under those conditions the ____metal combined with the atmosphere in a series of chemical reactions, giving rise to a new atmosphere dominated by carbon dioxide and hydrogen. Then, as the Earth outgassed water, the CO 2 and H 2 0 initiated a "runaway greenhouse effect" that mimicked the ...
27. THE LATELY TORTURED EARTH: PART II: EXOTERRESTRIAL DROPS: 9.Gases, Poisons and Foods [Quantavolution Website]
... diseases. The most substantial theory of Exodus times regards them as part of a much larger, a global, event, involving the close passage of a comet, so that radiation effects are logically to be expected. Recent studies have discovered high levels of radiation in ____>>fossil flora and fauna, going back far in conventionally dated geological time. Kloosterman writes of" anomalous high radioactivity" in a fish from the same Old Red Sandstore beds in which the Pterichtyades occur, "fishes often invoked by catastrophists..." and quotes
... a probable interruption in the Earth's movement. As happens when a mega-force is operating, one force incites another: the destruction might have been occasioned by gas and "celestial fire" acting together. A charged gas would have descended, possibly lured by the concentration of ____metal weaponry and myriad campfires. The gas cloud would have sent an electrical leader to the camp grounds and the subsequent exchange of potentials would have killed the Assyrian host. Sennacherib the king escaped, he was probably camped high and far from the multitude of soldiers. ...
29. Monitor [SIS C&C Review]
... . 97, p. 137 Australia has always been considered a backwater for mammalian evolution, its so-called 'primitive' monotremes and marsupials only surviving because the more 'advanced' placentals from the north did not reach there until relatively recently, 5 Myrs ago. Now a tiny ____>>fossil jawbone of an early placental has been found, dated at 115 Myrs. It would appear that the placentals were actually superseded by marsupials, whose position lower down the evolutionary scale may therefore simply reflect a British colonial attitude of northern superiority. ____Fossils of a large
... Yes, mainstream scientists are actually acknowledging that possibility, but don't get too excited- it is due to polar wander which takes place infinitely slowly over millions of years. Oceanic riches New Scientist 10.1.98, p. 13, 14.3.98, p. 22 Huge deposits of ____metal ores are being continually formed on the ocean floor by geothermal volcanic springs. Oil is supposed to have formed in ancient seas when living organisms were buried in sediment and subjected to pressure but there are signs of oil in Australian rocks which were thought to be too ...
31. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... Scientist 10.9.87, p.26 We have previously reported our surprise at the finding of a lizard preserved whole and intact in amber (see Workshop 3:2 [1980, pp.21-22). Now, discovered in a amber mine (!) in Dominica is the oldest amphibian ____>>fossil so far recovered in Mesoamerica- a frog in amber. It is difficult to visualise the non-catastrophic conditions under which the tree exudates (which give rise to amber) could have been formed in large enough globs and deposited quickly enough to envelop and ____>>fossilise a frog
... No 2 (Jan 1988) Home¦ Issue Contents Monitor Tin Source Discovered source: New Scientist 23.7.87, p.27 John Dayton's book, Minerals, ____Metals, Glazing and Man (London 1978) attempts to reconstruct the history of the ancient world by tracking down mineral and ____metal sources, trading, and glazing technology. One major assumption of the book is that all major ____metal and mineral sources are known. A new discovery threatens to overturn this assumption. In about the 6th to 5th millennium BC tin bronzes were worked in Anatolia, ...
34. Society News [SIS C&C Review]
... was a dead end and not on the direct line to modern man. The multi-regional hypothesis, i.e. that evolutionary pressures had led to the evolution of modern man independently all over the world was suggested early on and still believed in by some today. Meanwhile, ____>>fossil hunting, mainly in Africa, led to steadily increasing ages for the earliest hominid that could have been the common ancestor. Behind a series of rival theories trying to fit ____>>fossils into an evolutionary tree still lay the basic assumption that there was only one hominid species
... accession: Salkeld thought 16-26, Chavasse 22-23. Did the record indicate cosmic events and, if so, were these Martian? The scarcity of iron among the Israelites was mentioned but David Roth said the translation from the Hebrew left it uncertain whether iron, or simply ____metal, was meant. Rowland suggested the Israelites may have asked Samuel to appoint a king because they were embarrassed that all nations around them had kings and they needed one for the sake of national identity. Trevor Palmer pointed out that they must have been fed up ...
37. Monitor [SIS C&C Workshop]
... , particularly those living underground, survived just a few miles away and recolonisation has happened far more quickly than ecologists expected. Origins of modern Man Scientific American December 1990, pp. 68-74 This article is a useful summary of all the present evidence, both genetic and ____>>fossil, that all present day humans are descended from a recent African ancestor. Neanderthal appears to have been a separate species which co-existed with early man and shows little sign of interbreeding. There is no clear evidence that modern man had any particular advantage over earlier types
... style. Bronze Age tin mine- 1000 years too early? National Geographic, October 1990, geographica A tin mine found in Turkey's Taurus mountains is dated to 2900 to 2200 BC. It was a rich source of other minerals, with a nearby major Bronze Age ____metal processing site from which ____metals were shipped to the coast 150 miles away. Analysis shows the lead from this site to be identical to that of net sinkers found on the Ulu Burun boat wreck, identified as a Canaanite trader from 1000 years later. Traditions verified ...
40. Indra: A Case Study in Comparative Mythology [Aeon Journal]
... an indispensable tool. Like comparative anatomy in biology, comparative mythology allows for the recognition of parallels in seemingly diverse forms from different times and places; and once such parallels are established, the reconstruction of a god's cult can begin, not unlike the reconstruction of a ____>>fossil hominid from a few teeth and an occasional bone. If a crucial link in the sacred dossier of Indra has been lost, perhaps it can be recovered from the dossier of some other hero. In this way, and in this way only, in our
... 134. 179. Another common motive makes the fiery hero heat the waters to such an extent that they remain hot to this day. The passion of Heracles, for example, was described as follows: "His blood hissed and bubbled like spring water when red-hot ____metal is tempered. He plunged headlong into the nearest stream, but the poison only burned fiercer; these waters have been scalding hot ever since." See Graves, op cit., p. 201. Hence the intimate association between Heracles and hot springs in